Which scholar is associated with defining culture as the complex whole including knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, and customs?

• A. Clifford Geertz (Culture)
• B. Karl Marx (Culture)
• C. Edward Tylor (Culture)
• D. Emile Durkheim (Culture)

Answer: (C)

This question tests recognition of who first framed culture as a broad, integrated whole. Edward Tylor, a 19th‑century British anthropologist, defined culture as the complex whole including knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society. This emphasizes culture as learned, shared, and encompassing many facets of human life, not just symbolic meaning or economic structure.

Geertz later framed culture as a system of symbols and meanings; Marx focused on how culture sits within the economic base and class relations; Durkheim emphasized social facts and the collective conscience. None of these definitions matches the broad, all-encompassing scope of Tylor’s description, which is why he is the correct association.