Which concept is a data-driven improvement program aimed at reducing defects to near zero?

• A. Purchasing
• B. Quality Assurance
• C. Six Sigma
• D. ISO 9000

Answer: (C)

Reducing defects toward near zero relies on a disciplined, data-driven improvement approach. Six Sigma fits this description because it uses measurement and statistical analysis to identify where a process creates defects, then applies structured projects to eliminate those root causes. The method follows the DMAIC cycle—Define the problem, Measure current performance, Analyze data to find root causes, Improve the process with effective solutions, and Control the process to sustain gains. The aspirational target is about 3.4 defects per million opportunities, illustrating the near-zero defect goal. This focus sets it apart from ISO 9000, which centers on establishing and maintaining a quality management system and documenting processes, and from general Quality Assurance, which covers quality activities but not necessarily a tightly scoped, data-driven program aimed at vanishing defects. Purchasing is not about driving defect reduction through a formal improvement program.