Which approach is a quality management system aiming for near-zero defects?

• A. Purchasing
• B. Quality Assurance
• C. Six Sigma
• D. ISO 9000

Answer: (C)

Six Sigma focuses on reducing process variation and eliminating defects by applying a data-driven, structured methodology. It aims for near-zero defects, typically around 3.4 defects per million opportunities, using the DMAIC cycle (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) and a suite of statistical tools to drive improvements. This precise, measurement-based approach is what makes it the best fit for a near-zero defect objective.

Quality Assurance covers activities that ensure quality is built into processes but doesn’t inherently promise defect levels at the near-zero scale. ISO 9000 provides a standards framework for a quality management system and continual improvement, but it isn’t a single methodology aimed specifically at driving defects down to zero. Purchasing deals with sourcing and supplier considerations, which can influence quality but isn’t a quality-management approach focused on achieving near-zero defects.